Cues used by shiny cowbirds (Molothrus bonariensis) to locate and parasitise chalk-browed mockingbird (Mimus saturninus) nests

Unlike other birds, shiny cowbirds (Molothrus bonariensis) must locate host nests where to lay their eggs and then decide whether to parasitise them. They should also synchronise their laying with that of the host to increase the survival of parasite egg and young. Shiny cowbirds can discover nests using host behaviour as a cue, or by searching the habitat without need for the presence of a host. Besides, they can synchronise parasitism with host laying by monitoring nests during building and laying, or directly by assessing the degree of development of embryos through the puncture of host eggs. Alternatively, synchronization can arise by lower nest attentiveness during host laying. We determined the extent of synchronization between laying of shiny cowbirds and chalk-browed mockingbirds (Mimus saturninus) and estimated if parasitism was negatively associated with host nest attentiveness. We also conducted an experiment to test if host activity was necessary to locate nests, and if puncture of host eggs was a cue for deciding parasitism. Shiny cowbirds synchronised parasitism with host laying in 75% of the cases and synchronization was not explained by lower host nest attentiveness during laying. Shiny cowbirds located nests without need for presence of a host, but the decision of parasitising the nest depended on host activity at the nest. The information that shiny cowbirds could obtain through egg punctures was not necessary for deciding parasitism. Our results indicate that shiny cowbirds rely on the precise timing of their eggs and avoid laying in unsuitable nests.     

Investigation of fault position and sources of radon by measurement of 238U decay series radionuclide activity in soil samples

North Derbyshire is designated a Radon Affected Area by the National Radiological Protection Board of Great Britain since more than 1% of the housing stock is estimated to have radon levels in excess of the 200 Bq m-3 Action Level. Enhanced radon emissions associated with geological faults make knowledge of their position important in relation to any potential residential or industrial development. A general survey of radionuclides present in the soils of north Derbyshire and their relationship to the underlying geology highlighted the difficulty of identifying the position of geological faults in the field. Using gamma-ray spectroscopy of soil samples the activity of three 238U decay series radionuclides (226Ra, 214Pb and 214Bi), which were taken as evidence of the presence of 222Rn which occurs in the same decay series, was measured to indicate the position of a fault by enhanced activity. The results also provided some evidence of the source of radon emitted at the fault. A comparison of this methodology with the more conventional soil gas analysis method is made.     

邻苯二酚2,3-双加氧酶基因克隆、定位和高效表达

采用特异性引物，以菲、芘降解菌株ZL5的代谢性质粒为模板，扩增出邻苯二酚2，3—双加氧酶(C23O)基因，将该基因和表达载体pET—30a( )连接，转化E.coli JM109(DE3)，获得了高效表达的转化子，SDS—PAGE结果表明，转化子的C23O蛋白不仅在细胞内存在，而且能被分泌到胞外，薄层扫描显示，转化子细胞内和细胞外表达蛋白总量占细胞总蛋白的42％，酶活分析表明，分布在转化子细胞内、外的表达蛋白都具有较高的C23O比活力，Southern杂交将菌株ZL5的C23O基因定位在内生质粒的不同酶切片段上。图5表1参12。     

Analysis of leakage in carbon sequestration projects in forestry: a case study of upper magat watershed,Philippines

The role of forestry projects in carbon conservation and sequestration is receiving much attention because of their role in the mitigation of climate change. The main objective of the study is to analyze the potential of the Upper Magat Watershed for a carbon sequestration project. The three main development components of the project are forest conservation: tree plantations, and agroforestry farm development. At Year 30, the watershed can attain a net carbon benefit of 19.5 M tC at a cost of US$ 34.5 M. The potential leakage of the project is estimated using historical experience in technology adoption in watershed areas in the Philippines and a high adoption rate. Two leakage scenarios were used: baseline and project leakage scenarios. Most of the leakage occurs in the first 10 years of the project as displacement of livelihood occurs during this time. The carbon lost via leakage is estimated to be 3.7 M tC in the historical adoption scenario, and 8.1 M tC under the enhanced adoption scenario.     

电学渗漏检测在防渗土工膜完整性检测中的应用

简述了垃圾填埋场防渗土工膜由于施工造成的破坏情况,通过对目前国外几种垃圾填埋场防渗漏检测方法的比较,指出了电学法是较好的检测方法。利用电学渗漏检测技术对国内某市危险废物安全填埋场防渗土工膜完整性进行了检测,结果表明:利用电学渗漏检测技术对防渗土工膜进行完整性检测具有灵敏度高,检测完全的优点。     

双衬层填埋场渗漏检测电极铺设方式研究

利用高压直流电法对双衬层填埋场渗漏检测进行了研究.结果表明检测电极的铺设方式以及供电电极和参比电极的位置对漏洞定位有一定影响.在回路电流、检测电极间距、定位算法、介质分布相同的条件下,三角形的检测电极铺设方式比四边形的漏洞定位误差小,且不同点的误差波动小.当参比电极距离漏洞较近时,漏洞定位误差较大;而参比电极与漏洞的距离越大,漏洞定位误差则越小.同时,检测层的电势分布主要是由供电电极和漏洞造成,因此,参比电极的位置既要远离漏洞又要远离供电电极.     

Spatial Pattern Analysis of Regional Water Use Profile Based on the Gini Coefficient and Location Quotient

Water resources have become a barrier hampering socioeconomic development. Changes in the spatial distribution of water use profile have direct impacts to regional water use efficiency. However, the related research is inadequate, and a more suitable way to analyze regional water use profile is necessary. The Gini coefficient and location quotient, two reliable methods commonly used in discussing the spatial distribution of elements, were introduced and calculated. Taking Gansu Province as the study area, the concentration effect of industrial water use was the strongest, followed by domestic, environmental, and agricultural water use. However, a balanced distribution of agricultural water use failed to be coordinated with the production conditions, the center of Gansu’s grain production should be established to enhance the scale effect of agricultural production. The industrial agglomeration effect remained weak, and each region’s dominant industries need to be developed vigorously. Gansu’s domestic water use was consistent with its population distribution, but it is necessary to reduce the water use gap between urban and rural areas. With a growing awareness of environmental protection, environmental water use exhibited a more balanced distribution. Overall, the methods are simple and have good applicability, and the results can provide a reference in water use optimization.     

基于D-S证据理论的“丝绸之路旅游带”5A景区区位优势度测评

景区发展与其区位条件密切相关,处于优势区位的景区更容易获得优先快速发展。以“丝绸之路旅游带”为例,综合考虑资源、市场、交通及服务四大区位因子,将其视为证据,引入D-S证据理论对景区区位优势进行测度,以I~V级表征区位由优到劣的状态,最后对景区区位与旅游发展核心区进行对比。结果显示：（1）区位优势等级区域差异化显著,总体呈现由东南至西北逐级递减的空间分布规律,自I至V级,重心逐步向西北方向偏移。（2）各区位因子分布存在差异性,东南地区景区资源区位优于西北地区;市场区位地带间差异最为明显,存在“长尾”特征及陕西“一省独大”现象;交通区位内在差异性与区位优势相仿;服务区位已不再是制约景区区位的主要因子,但就单个省份来看,“核心—边缘”结构较为明显。（3）与景区旅游发展对比来看,二者具有明显的空间关联性,但仍存在一定程度的空间错位现象。     

中国粮食主产区耕地土壤重金属时空变化与污染源分析

土壤重金属污染威胁着农田生态系统安全和人类健康.基于2000年以来中国五大粮食主产区3 006个耕地样点的土壤重金属实测数据和20世纪80年代的土壤重金属历史数据,采用单因子指数法评估了粮食主产区耕地土壤重金属的污染现状和变化趋势,并基于地累积指数,结合区位环境污染探讨了其污染来源.结果表明,中国粮食主产区耕地土壤重金属点位超标率为21.49%,整体以轻度污染为主,其中轻度、中度和重度污染比重分别13.97%、2.50%和5.02%.四川盆地、长江中游及江淮地区、黄淮海平原、松嫩平原和三江平原的耕地点位超标率分别为43.55%、30.64%、12.22%、9.35%和1.67%,南方耕地污染重于北方.主要污染物为Cd、Ni、Cu、Zn、Hg,超标率分别为17.39%、8.41%、4.04%、2.84%、2.56%.自20世纪80年代以来,耕地土壤重金属含量呈增加趋势,整体上点位超标率增加了14.91%,其中Cd、Ni、Cu、Zn和Hg的污染比重分别增加了16.07%、4.56%、3.68%、2.24%和1.96%.除三江平原外,其他4个粮食主产区耕地土壤重金属点位超标比重增加趋势显著,且南方地区的Cd、Ni和Cu重金属超标比重变化量高于北方,而Hg和Cr增速低于北方.Cd、Hg以人为污染源为主,其他6种重金属以自然污染源为主,但Pb、Zn和Cu约有20.00%的点位受人为活动的影响.矿业、工业、污灌水是主要的污染源,除污灌水来源北方重于南方外,其余污染来源均是南方污染重于北方,污染物种类也多于北方.     

基于多目标分布估计算法的地铁网络化应急站点选址

为提升地铁网络的应急救援能力,提出兼顾地下和地面交通两种运输方式的应急资源网络化共享模式,并建立多目标优化模型,对应急站点进行优化选址。模型以应急站点数量最少和总响应时间最短为优化目标,地铁车站重要程度为关键因素,求解各地铁车站的优化覆盖方案。提出了一种多目标分布估计算法,该算法采用拥挤比较算子和锦标赛选择算法获取优势群体,借助概率模型描述可行解的离散分布,并不断更新概率模型来实现种群的进化。运用建立的模型和算法求解北京市局部地铁网络应急站点选址问题,最终获得满足地面交通运输时效、并符合问题优化目标的Pareto最优解集。与NSGE-Ⅱ算法相比,多目标分布估计算法提前123代开始收敛,且针对最小化问题,多目标分布估计算法最优解的两个目标函数值较NSGE-Ⅱ算法分别减小64%和29%。可见,模型符合地铁应急站点选址问题的决策规则;多目标分布估计算法有效地缩小了决策空间,它比NSGE-Ⅱ算法更快地收敛,且能够获得更为优化的应急站点选址方案。